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PHOENIX — In the dead of night, looters are destroying the history of America, desecrating sacred Indian ruins.

An estimated 80 percent of the nation's ancient archaeological sites have been plundered or robbed by shovel-toting looters. Though some of the pillaging is done by amateurs who don't know any better, more serious damage is wrought by professionals who dig deep, sometimes even using backhoes.

The motive is money. Indian artifacts are coveted worldwide by collectors willing to pay for trophy pieces of the past.

Looters are just the first link in a chain that includes collectors, galleries, trade shows and Internet sites such as eBay. But stopping the black-market business is virtually impossible because of a lack of manpower for enforcement and loopholes in the law that make it hard to convict the few who get caught.

The result is a scientific and spiritual loss.

"They're changing history," Vernelda Grant, a tribal archaeologist for Arizona's San Carlos Apaches, says as she stands amid 800-year-old ruins that have been transformed into a crater field. "They're killing us. They're killing the existence of who we are."

Garry Cantley, an archaeologist with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, does not share the mysticism; he lives for empirical discoveries, the piece-by-piece puzzle of history, the cultural window. But, like Grant, he is sickened by the damage.

"The problem is, they don't make these anymore," Cantley says, surveying the field of foxholes. "The archaeological records are finite. And, once they're gone, history is gone."

The San Carlos Reservation covers 1.8 million acres of high desert, pine forest, canyon lands and archaeological sites — a wilderness patrolled by 10 rangers who spend most of their time protecting game and fish.

In May, a report by the National Trust for Historic Preservation concluded that artifact hunters, off-roaders, urban sprawl and vandals are "robbing the nation" of cultural resources.

Warren Youngman, assistant BIA special agent in charge for Arizona, shrugs when asked how many looters are working tribal lands: "There's a lot of wide-open spaces, and we don't have the manpower to cover it. We'll never know."

Until this year, the BIA, with policing oversight for 561 recognized tribes, had just one investigator assigned exclusively to looting. Just two investigators work Arizona trust lands covering 9 million acres.